The Defining Moment

About the Author

Jonathan Alter, a senior editor at Newsweek, has been writing an acclaimed column on politics, history, media, and society since 1991. Known for his even-handed analysis and thoughtful commentary, Alter has received praise for his journalistic skills. His book, The Defining Moment, showcases these abilities as he delves into the pivotal moments of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's (FDR) early presidency that shaped his legacy as one of the greatest U.S. presidents.

Main Idea

The Defining Moment provides a detailed account of the crucial factors and events leading up to and including the first 100 days of FDR's administration in 1933. Alter focuses on how these early days in office were essential in shaping FDR's presidency and his ability to steer the United States out of the Great Depression. The book offers insights into Roosevelt's personal and political journey, highlighting the importance of early momentum in leadership roles.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Chapter 1: Early Life and Influences
• Chapter 2: The Rise in Politics
• Chapter 3: Personal Struggles and Polio
• Chapter 4: The Road to the White House
• Chapter 5: The First 100 Days
• Chapter 6: Legislative Milestones
• Chapter 7: Impact and Legacy
• Conclusion

Introduction

In The Defining Moment, Jonathan Alter embarks on a journey to uncover the early days of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's presidency. The book aims to explore how FDR's initial decisions and actions during the first 100 days in office were instrumental in pulling the United States out of the Great Depression. Alter provides a comprehensive look into the personal and professional experiences that shaped FDR into a formidable leader.

Chapter 1: Early Life and Influences

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born into privilege. As a fifth cousin to President Theodore Roosevelt and with maternal family roots dating back to the Plymouth colony, FDR's early life was one of wealth and comfort. His father, James Roosevelt, was often absent due to illness, leaving young Franklin under the care of his doting mother, Sara.

"Privilege was practically FDR's middle name." - Jonathan Alter

Despite his affluent background, FDR's childhood was marked by a pivotal moment when his aunt accidentally set herself on fire, an event that left a lasting impression on him. This traumatic experience instilled in Roosevelt a fear of fire, which he later acknowledged publicly. These early influences shaped his character and resilience.

Chapter 2: The Rise in Politics

Roosevelt's entry into politics was initially met with skepticism. His lack of success as a young lawyer led many to doubt his ambitious prediction of becoming president. However, his association with prominent figures such as his wife, Eleanor, and Louis McHenry Howe, a reporter who became his confidant and adviser, played crucial roles in his political ascent.

Eleanor Roosevelt's work with poor Jewish immigrants exposed FDR to the struggles of the lower classes, softening his sense of self-satisfaction and opening his mind to the needs of the less fortunate. Louis McHenry Howe, described by Alter as a "medieval gnome," helped Roosevelt master the art of politics and media manipulation, crucial skills for his future campaigns.

Chapter 3: Personal Struggles and Polio

At the age of 39, Roosevelt was stricken with polio, leaving him paralyzed from the waist down. This debilitating disease tested his character and forced him to develop a unique perspective on expert opinions. Alter explains how this experience shaped FDR's approach to leadership.

"It cured him permanently of any belief in the conventional wisdom of experts, whether in medicine, politics, economics, warfare or diplomacy." - Max Lerner

Roosevelt's distrust of experts led him to seek a multitude of opinions before making decisions, a strategy that proved beneficial during his presidency. His optimism and resilience in the face of his affliction became a defining feature of his leadership style.

Chapter 4: The Road to the White House

FDR's journey to the White House was marked by a series of strategic moves and key relationships. His ability to connect with the American people and inspire confidence played a significant role in his election. Alter delves into the events and decisions that led to Roosevelt's victory and the beginning of his transformative presidency.

Chapter 5: The First 100 Days

The first 100 days of FDR's presidency were characterized by a flurry of legislative activity and bold initiatives aimed at addressing the economic crisis. Alter highlights the significance of this period in setting the tone for Roosevelt's administration and its long-term impact on American society.

"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." - Franklin D. Roosevelt

FDR's famous inaugural address and his innovative "Fireside Chats" helped restore public confidence. During this time, he also introduced 15 major pieces of legislation, including the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which played crucial roles in the nation's recovery.

Chapter 6: Legislative Milestones

Among the significant achievements of Roosevelt's first 100 days was the establishment of the Social Security system. This landmark legislation provided a safety net for older Americans and became a cornerstone of FDR's domestic policy. Alter emphasizes the importance of these early legislative victories in defining Roosevelt's presidency.